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What is fusion and how does it differ from fission in the field of physics and astronomy?

Enid Hacquel

Fusion and fission are two nuclear processes that have enabled humanity to harness nuclear energy. However, these processes are entirely opposite to each other in terms of physics and applications.

Fusion, in the field of physics and astronomy, is a process that involves combining atomic nuclei to create a heavier nucleus. This process releases a tremendous amount of energy that is a fundamental source of power in the universe. Essentially, fusion represents the process that powers our sun and other stars, creating vast amounts of light and heat in the process.

In contrast, fission is a process where atomic nuclei split into two smaller particles, with the release of energy from the process. This process is seen in the nuclear power plants, where controlled fission of uranium is used as an energy source. Nuclear weapons are also built on nuclear fission, where uncontrolled fission reactions create a large amount of energy in the form of an explosion.

Fusion and fission differ in various ways, and one of the most notable differences is in the energy released during the reaction. In the process of nuclear fusion, the process releases a substantially more significant amount of energy as compared to the fission reaction. The primary reason behind the energy discrepancy is that in fusion, the particles involved (typically hydrogen nuclei) have lower mass than the resulting particle created, resulting in a net loss of mass that is transformed into energy, as specified by the famous Einstein equation E=mc².

Another key difference between nuclear fusion and fission is the safety aspect of these processes. Nuclear fission can be controlled in specific applications such as nuclear power plants to produce energy, but it also has the potential to cause a large scale disaster if safety measures are not correctly implemented. Improper handling of nuclear fission products can lead to radioactive contamination, which lasts for prolonged periods, posing a significant hazard to the environment and human life.

On the other hand, nuclear fusion is regarded as a safer process for energy production, as it does not produce harmful nuclear waste, and the fuel material, typically hydrogen, which is abundant on earth. However, the experimentation, implementation, and maintenance of fusion technology are still in their infancy, and there are still challenges regarding the generation of enough pressure and temperature to initiate and maintain a stable fusion reaction.

In conclusion, fusion and fission are two distinctive nuclear processes with different applications that have substantially contributed to scientific progress and technology. Their implementation in various fields such as energy production, space exploration, and weapon development has revolutionized human existence. The fundamental difference between these processes lies in the type of reaction, amount of energy released, and safety considerations. As technology progresses and scientists gain a deeper understanding of these processes, we will likely see even more significant contributions from fusion and fission in the future.