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Is Utilitarianism more applicable to Western or Eastern cultures?

Ardith Pinfold

Utilitarianism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It holds that the best moral choice is the one that maximizes overall happiness and benefits society as a whole. However, when it comes to its application in cultural contexts, there are varying opinions on its universality and relevance.

Regarding its applicability in Western cultures, utilitarianism has had a significant influence on Western ethics, particularly in politics, economics, and law. It aligns with Western values of individualism, rationality, and justice. In Western societies, where personal achievement and self-interest are celebrated, utilitarianism has been used to justify policies that prioritize the general welfare over individual rights. This has led to the development of utilitarian approaches in governance, health care, education, and environmental protection.

On the other hand, the compatibility of utilitarianism with Eastern cultures is debatable. Eastern societies, particularly those rooted in Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, have different ethical traditions and values. In these cultures, the focus is on family, community, and harmony rather than individualism and autonomy. They emphasize the importance of moral cultivation, duty, and respect for authority. Utilitarianism, which is centered on maximizing individual happiness, may be seen as too individualistic and selfish and may conflict with these Eastern values.

Moreover, Eastern cultures may also perceive utilitarianism as too simplistic and reductionist. In Confucianism, for instance, the concept of the greater good is nuanced and multilayered. It takes into account the welfare of the individual, family, community, and state, and seeks to harmonize their interests. The ideal Confucian society is built upon virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and filial piety, which cannot be reduced to a simple calculation of pleasure and pain.

Despite these differences, there are also instances where utilitarianism can be compatible with Eastern cultures. In Japan, for example, the principles of utilitarianism have been integrated into business management, where companies prioritize the well-being of their employees and customers over profits. In China, where the state promotes the concept of "harmonious society," utilitarianism has been used to justify policies that aim at reducing inequality and improving the quality of life.

In conclusion, the question of whether utilitarianism is more applicable to Western or Eastern cultures does not have a definite answer. While utilitarianism has been influential in Western ethics, it may be less relevant in Eastern cultures, which prioritize social harmony, mutual beneficence, and moral cultivation. However, there are also instances where utilitarianism can be integrated into Eastern values and practices. Ultimately, the applicability of utilitarianism depends on how it is understood, implemented, and contextualized in different cultural contexts.